The glide ratio of paragliders ranges from
9.3 for recreational wings to about 11.3 for modern competition models,[16]
reaching in some cases up to 13.[17] For comparison, a typical skydiving
parachute will achieve about 3:1 glide. A hang glider ranges from 9.5 for
recreational wings to about 16.5 for modern competition models. An idling
(gliding) Cessna 152 light aircraft will achieve 9:1. Some sailplanes can
achieve a glide ratio of up to 72:1.
The speed range of paragliders is typically
20–75 kilometres per hour (12–47 mph), from stall speed to maximum speed.
Beginner wings will be in the lower part of this range, high-performance wings
in the upper part of the range.[note 2]
For storage and carrying, the wing is
usually folded into a stuffsack (bag), which can then be stowed in a large
backpack along with the harness. For pilots who may not want the added weight
or fuss of a backpack, some modern harnesses include the ability to turn the
harness inside out such that it becomes a backpack.
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Paragliding is the recreational and competitive adventure sport of flying paragliders: lightweight, free-flying,
foot-launched glider aircraft with no rigid primary structure.[1] The pilot sits in a harness suspended below a fabric wing. Wing shape is maintained by the suspension lines, the pressure of air entering vents in the front of the wing, and the aerodynamic forces of the air flowing over the outside.
Despite not using an engine, paragliderflights can last many hours and cover many hundreds of kilometres, though flights of one to two hours and covering some tens of kilometres are more the norm. By skillful exploitation of sources of lift, the pilot may gain height,
often climbing to altitudes of a few thousand metres.
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Radio
Radio communications are used in training,
to communicate with other pilots, and to report where and when they intend to
land. These radios normally operate on a range of frequencies in different
countries—some authorised,[18][19] some illegal but tolerated locally. Some
local authorities (e.g., flight clubs) offer periodic automated weather updates
on these frequencies. In rare cases, pilots use radios to talk to airport
control towers or air traffic controllers. Many pilots carry a cell phone so
they can call for pickup should they land away from their intended point of
destination.
GPS
GPS (global positioning system) is a
necessary accessory when flying competitions, where it has to be demonstrated
that way-points have been correctly passed. The recorded GPS track of a flight
can be used to analyze flying technique or can be shared with other pilots. GPS
is also used to determine drift due to the prevailing wind when flying at
altitude, providing position information to allow restricted airspace to be
avoided and identifying one's location for retrieval teams after landing out in
unfamiliar territory.
显示滑翔伞各部分的横截面:
1)上表面
2)下表面
3)肋骨
4)对角肋
5)上线级联
6)中线串级
7)下线级联
8)立管
滑翔伞的机翼或机盖通常在工程上称为“冲压空气翼型”。这样的翼包括两层织物,它们以形成一排网孔的方式连接到内部支撑材料上。通过使大多数舱室*在前缘处敞开,进入的空气使机翼保持充气状态,从而保持其形状。充气时,机翼的横截面具有典型的泪滴翼型形状。现代滑翔伞的机翼是由高性能的无孔材料制成的,例如尼龙纤维。
在某些现代滑翔伞(从1990年开始中,尤其是性能更高的机翼中,前缘的某些舱室被封闭以形成更干净的空气动力学轮廓。内部肋骨上的孔允许空气从开孔到这些闭孔的自由流动,以使它们膨胀,并向也闭合的翼尖膨胀。
飞行员通过悬吊线网络支撑在机翼下方。这些从两根短的(40厘米)长的坚固织带制成的立管开始。每组由一个登山扣固定在吊带上,飞行员的每一侧上各有一个,每个组的立管通常*从机翼一侧的一行上连接到绳索上。在该组的每个立管的末端,都有一个小三角洲的马龙,上面挂有数行(2 – 5)条线,形成一个风扇。这些线通常长4 – 5米,末端连接到大约2 m的另外2 – 4条线上,这些线又连接到一组更细的细线上。在某些情况下,对第四级联重复此操作。
SIV是模拟d'Incident en Vol(飞行中的事件模拟)的缩写,是提供有关如何应对不稳定和潜在危险情况(例如倒塌,满是失速和开裂)的课程。这些课程通常由经过特殊培训的讲师在大片水域上讲授,通常通过无线电指导学生。将指导学生如何诱发危险情况,从而学习一旦被诱发就如何避免和补救。向希望获得更高性能和更不稳定机翼的飞行员推荐该课程,这对于大多数飞行员而言都是自然而然的进步。在某些国家,SIV课程是初步飞行员培训的基本要求。万一出现无法挽回的机动导致水着陆的情况,通常会派出一艘救援船来收集飞行员。其他增加的安全功能可能包括浮力辅助装置或辅助备用降落伞。这些课程对于新手级别的飞行不是必不可少的。
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着陆涉及更多的计划,因为可能有多个飞行员必须同时着陆。因此,已经建立了特定的流量模式。飞行员排在飞机场上方并降落在降落区一侧,该位置取决于风向,飞行员可能会因坐飞机而失去身高(如有必要)。从该位置开始,它们以矩形模式沿着飞行路径的腿到达着陆区:顺风腿进场。这允许在多个飞行员之间进行同步,并减少发生碰撞的风险,因为飞行员可以预测他周围的其他飞行员接下来将要做什么。
技术技巧
在进近下降过程中,在接触地面大约四米之前,可以施加一些瞬时制动,然后使用向前的摆动动量来获得速度,以更有效地展开并以**小的垂直速度接近地面。
在小风中,一些小跑很常见。在中等到中等的逆风中,着陆时可能没有前进速度,甚至在强风中甚至可能相对于地面后退。用风着陆会迫使飞行员向后退,这特别危险,因为它可能会翻滚并被拖拽。当机翼垂直于飞行员上方时,有可能降低风险放气。这涉及到每只手在槌/竖板交界处抓住前缘线(As),并通过深深的膝盖弯曲动作来施加飞行员的全部重量。在几乎每种情况下,机翼的前缘都会向前飞一点,然后“折”。然后,它可能会坍塌并下降到飞行员的上风处。在地面上,它将被飞行员的腿约束。
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